Multi-vari charts help you to identify sources of variation. Use these charts to see within-piece, piece-to-piece, and time-to-time variations.

What is a Multi-Vari Chart? video from simplilearn

Multi-vari vs. other chart types

Stem and Leaf ChartsHistograms, and Frequency Distributions are all snapshots of Process Variation. They cannot help you to figure out the source of that variation. Multi-vari charts, though, can. 

Recap of variation sources

  • Within piece: Variations within a single instance of a product. Also known as Positional Variation.
  • Piece to piece: Variations that occur between different instances of the same product. Also known as Cyclical Variation.
  • Time to time: Variations that occur at different production times. Also known as Temporal Variation.

Generate Clues with Multi-vari Charts. This technique is especially well suited for analyzing multiple sources of common-cause variation: within piece, piece to piece, time to time, and process stream to process stream.

Reducing Process Variation- Davis Bothe

Benefits of Using Multi-Vari Charts

A Multi-vari chart can:

  • Show most of your variations.
  • Assist you in breaking down the components of variation.
  • Show all measurements recorded.

Guidelines for Creating Multi-Vari Charts

When creating Multi-vari charts, keep these points in mind:

  • Numeric data: You need to be able to plot the effects of variations using mean values.
  • Factors: Use a maximum of six factors.
  • Levels: You need at least two levels for each factor.
  • Amount of data: Collect observations for the majority of factor combinations.

Step to perform Multi-Vari chart

  • Select the process that needs to be monitored and the characteristics to be inspected.
  • Determine the sample size and time-frequency.
  • Collect continuous data to ensure the output of process performance should be continuous.
  • Define units–Output characteristic measurable multiple times.
  • Collect the data (2 to 5 samples within a unit) and 3 to 5 consecutive units to ensure that the process is monitored long enough to understand.
  • Multi-vari charts can be drawn by hand. Draw the chart on graph paper with time along the horizontal axis, then observe values on the vertical axis.
  • Connect the observed values with appropriate lines.
    • Plot each measurement with a circle and then connect each measurement within each unit showing the variation’s magnitude. Compute the average within each unit and connect it with a line to the consecutive unit. We can also compute the range of each unit by subtracting the minimum value from the maximum value. Measure the overall average of all values and draw a horizontal line (for reference)
    • Each temporal set can be divided with a vertical line
    • Compute the overall average of each set and connect it with a line
  • Finally, analyze the chart for variation both within the piece, from piece to piece, and from time to time.
  • Repeat the same process of conducting Multi-vari study after the process improvements to confirm the results.

Creating a Multi-Vari Chart Manually

XYZ wants to assess the different machines and processes affecting the Quality Index.

Data Table

A chart we will use to create a multi-vari chart

Draw the chart on graph paper with time along the horizontal axis and then Quality index values on the vertical axis.

The beginning of our multi-vari chart
Plot each measurement with a circle and then connect each measurement within each unit to indicate the magnitude of variation. We can also compute the range of each unit by subtracting the minimum value from the maximum value.

Compute the average within each unit.

Connect the averages of each unit with a line to the consecutive unit. Measure the overall average of all measurements, draw a horizontal line ( blue line for reference), and divide each temporal set with a vertical line.

Compute the overall average of each set and connect it with a line (green line).

By hand on graph paper

Interpret the results: Analyze the chart for variation both within the piece, from piece to piece, and from time to time.

From the above graph, it looks like process 3 has higher overall averages and is also higher than the overall averages of all the measurements. Hence, process 3 is the best option. It looks like machine 2 has higher averages in all three sets.

Creating a Multi-Vari Chart using Excel

  • Time is on the horizontal (x) scale.
  • Variable measurement is on the vertical (y) scale.
Complexity Made Simple – The multi-vari tutorial using SPC XL by Paul Allen

Creating a Multi-Vari Chart using Minitab

Let’s walk through creating a Multi-vari chart using a basic baking problem.

Issue

I’m baking cookies using three different ovens. Some of my cookies seem a bit wider than others. I need to figure out why. They’re all made from the same ingredients and recipe. So I think the most likely factors are:

  • Placement on the cookie sheet. (within-piece, treating each sheet of cookies as a ‘piece’)
  • Temperature variations between ovens. (piece-to-piece)
  • Temperature levels in the kitchen when the cookies are being mixed and added to sheets. (time-to-time)

Therefore, I’ll use these three factors in my chart.

Data table

First, I need to take width measurements on every cookie. I also need to record:

  • The oven it was baked in.
  • The batch it was part of.
  • The location on the cookie sheet.

Next I filled out this data table:

Chart

To turn the data table into a chart, I use Minitab.

I copy and paste my table into its spreadsheet. I then select Stat > Quality Tools > Multi-Vari Chart from the menu.

Screenshot of Multi-Vari Chart selection in Minitab

I tell Minitab which column has my results (Response). Then I select my variables (Factors 1 to 3).

Screenshot of Multi-Vari Chart pop-up window in Minitab, with columns selected

I click on OK.

Minitab created the chart for me.

A multi-vari chart with Width on the y-axis and Time on the X-axis. It is broken into five vertical sections marked Back, Center, Front, Left-middle, and Right-middle.
Multi-vari chart for cookie width by oven and location in the oven

Interpreting the Results

One thing immediately jumps out when I look at this chart: the center measurements are perfect. In every other oven location, though–back, front, left middle, and right middle–the measurements for Oven 2 are substantially skewed from Oven 1 and 3.

I can probably remove a lot of variation by servicing or repairing Oven 2.

Additional Helpful Multi-Vari Videos

Complimentary information to Multi-Vari Study, Multi-Vari Charts

Also, see:

Find further information and examples in this PDF: Multi-Vari Analysis.

Six Sigma Green Belt Certification Multi-Vari Study, Multi-Vari Charts Questions:

Question: In an “X” Sifting exercise, a Belt will use a(n) _______________ to assist in isolating families of variation that may exist within a subgroup, between subgroups, or vary over time.

(A) Multi – Vari Chart
(B) Pareto Chart
(C) FMEA
(D) Shewhart Analysis

Answer:

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B: Multi-vari charts. SPC or Statistical Process Control (including run charts) helps you monitor how an ongoing process is performing, so options A and D are not correct. Cause and Effect Diagrams are concerned with root cause analysis, so option C is not correct

Comments (9)

Ted dear,
for IASSC exam am i allowed to use any tool like sigma or minitab, and originally is it common (if you any clue) that IASSC asks question that requires to plot the data using any tool ?

many thanks

Why cant we use a box plot for this kind of scenario ? Since we have one common independent variable across all sub groups? Pictorial representation of box plot will give better clarity about the scenario.

Is there an updated link to the pdf with more multi vari examples? I was not able to find a download from the link provided. Thank you

Can you give me a hand?

I’d like to get some raw data table about using a basic baking problem.

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